[21]
Gary Wolfe, “The (Second Phase of the) Revolution Has Begun,”
Wired, October 1994.
[22]
Sverre Avnskog, “Who Was Rasmus Malling-Hansen?,” Malling-
hansen.org/fileadmin/biography/biography.pdf
[23]
The story of Nietzsche and his typewriter draws from Friedrich A.
Kittler, Gramophone, Film, Typewriter (Stanford: Stanford University Press,
1999), 200-203; J. c. Nyiri, “Thinking with a Word Processor,” in
Philosophy and the Cognitive Sciences, ed. R. Casati (Vienna: Holder-
Pichler-Tempsky, 1994), 63-74; Christian J. Emden, Nietzsche on Language,
Consciousness, and the Body (Champaign: University of Illinois Press,
2005), 27-29; and Curtis Cate, Friedrich Nietzsche (Woodstock, NY:
Overlook, 2005), 315-18.
[24]
Joseph LeDoux, Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We
Are (New York: Penguin, 2002), 38-39.
[25]
In addition to the 100 billion neurons in our brains, there are about a
trillion glial cells, or glia. It was once assumed that glia were inert,
essentially providing padding to the neurons. (Glia means “glue” in Greek.)
Over the last two decades, however, neuroscientists have found clues that
glia may play important roles in the brain’s functioning. A particularly
abundant land of glial cell, called an astrocyte, appears to release carbon
atoms and produce neurotransmitters in response to signals from other cells.
Further discoveries about glia may deepen our understanding of the brain’s
workings. For a good overview, see Carl Zimmer, “The Dark Matter of the
Human Brain,” Discover, September 2009.
[26]
J. Z. Young, Doubt and Certainty in Science: A Biologist’s
Reflections on the Brain (London: Oxford University Press, 1951), 36.
[27]
William James, The Principles of Psychology, vol. 1 (New York:
Holt, 1890), 104-6. Translation of Dumont’s essay is from James E. Black
