simple example. Consider a new project that produces an output X. Assume
perfectly competitive markets with no market distortions, such as taxes and
subsidies. With the standard upward sloping supply curve and downward
sloping demand curve, the introduction of the new project leads to a
decrease in the market price. The consumers of the product will welcome
the new project whereas the existing producers would be unhappy with the
new project. The decrease in the price leads to an increase in consumer
surplus and this in turn leads to an increase in the quantity demanded. At
the same time, the decrease in the price leads to a decrease in producer
surplus and this in turn leads to a decrease in the quantity supplied.
One way to measure the impact of the new project is to use the demand
curve to measure the benefits to the consumers and the supply curve to
measure the value of the resources used by the producers. Concretely, the
total benefit of the new project is the sum of the appropriate areas under the
demand and supply curves. The area under the supply curve is a "benefit"
of the new project because the decrease in the quantity supplied means that
resources that would have used in the production of output X by the
existing producers are available for others to use.
The relevant area under the demand curve lies between the new quantity
demanded and the original market equilibrium. Similarly, the relevant area
under the supply curve lies between the new quantity supplied and the
original market equilibrium.
To obtain the economic value per unit of output, we divide the total area
by the output of the project.
33. Ý NGHĨA CỦA GIÁ TRỊ KINH TẾ LÀ GÌ?
Đa số mọi người quen thuộc với giá trị tài chính vì họ thường xuyên thực
hiện các giao dịch với giá trị tài chính. Tuy nhiên, ý nghĩa của giá trị kinh tế
là gì? Có thể minh họa khái niệm giá trị kinh tế bằng một ví dụ đơn giản,
