[89]
Ong, Orality and Literacy, 80.
[90]
See Ong, Orality and Literacy, 33.
[91]
Ibid., 34.
[92]
Eric A. Havelock, The Muse Learns to Write: Reflections on Orality
and Literacy from Antiquity to the Present (New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press, 74.
[93]
McLuhan, Understanding Media, 112-13.
[94]
Ibid., 120.
[95]
Ong, Orality and Literacy, 14-15.
[96]
Ibid., 82.
[97]
Saint Augustine, Confessions, trans. R. s. Pine-Coffin (London:
Penguin, 1961), 114.
[98]
Paul Saenger, Space between Words: The Origins of Silent Reading
(Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997), 14.
[99]
Ibid., 7.
[100]
Ibid., 11.
[101]
Ibid., 15.
[102]
Maryanne Wolf, Proust and the Squid: The Stoĩy and Science of the
Reading Brain (New York: Harper, 2007), 142-46.
[103]
Saenger; Space between Words, 13.
[104]
Charles E. Connor, Howard E. Egeth, and Steven Yantis, “Visual
Attention: Bottom-Up versus Top-Down,” Cognitive Biology, 14 (October 5,
